RECENT PUBLICATIONS
Author(s):
Lakshmi Ramarajan, Erin M. Reid
Academy of Management Journal
In demographically diverse organizations, employees charged with socializing others—socialization agents—must navigate a deep tension between the organization’s needs to integrate individuals into a collective and individuals’ needs for recognition of their unique identities. Through a qualitative study of employees in an urban charter high school where race and class inequalities are salient, we find that socialization agents experience this tension as identity threatening. We develop a theoretical model of relational reconciliation that traces how agents engage with this identity threat in an ongoing, stumbling process. Through relational reconciliation, agents come to redefine their selves in relation to their “socializees,” which enables them to engage in elaborated socialization practices that aim to meet the needs of both the organization and the socializee. Our work repositions socialization agents as active parties in socialization, explores the tensions of socializing members of marginalized groups into a dominant culture, and reveals the importance of engaging with one’s own identities to reconcile these tensions.
Author(s):
Phillipa K. Chong, Alaric Bourgoin
Valuation Studies
One of the fastest-growing occupational groups in the US is expert service workers: knowledge workers who sell their expert knowledge and services on the free market. In this paper, we offer a comparative case study of how expert service workers, whom are hired for their professional evaluations, navigate the tensions of the expert service-client relation in a specific but critical way: How do they convince others that their professional recommendations are credible? Specifically, we draw on two disparate cases of expert evaluators, book reviewers and management consultants, and document two communicative patterns that these professional groups use to build the credibility of their professional recommendations: (i) transparency and (ii) distanciation. Similarities in the credibility tactics of these two sets of expert service workers from two very different worlds, the Arts and business, suggest their generalizable value. Hence, we conclude by discussing how our findings offer a general approach we call, the evaluative triangle, for studying the credibility tactics of expert claims across multiple worlds of work.
Author(s):
Sean O'Brady
British Journal of Industrial Relations
This article provides insights on how union power influences the outcomes of labour-management partnerships, with a focus on insecurity. It examines matched pairs of food retailers in Canada and Sweden. Trends in wages, scheduling and union coverage from 1980 to 2016 are compared. Actors in both contexts adopted partnering strategies in response to intensified price competition. However, the Swedish partnerships produced stable work arrangements, while working conditions eroded considerably in Canada. Bargaining structures, union security and identity are examined to explain the variations. As market competition intensified, the Swedish union gained leverage by using partnerships to fight unfair competition and promote sectoral well-being in the process. Meanwhile, the Canadian union lost leverage, instead using partnerships to align employment practices with those of low-cost market entrants and enhancing store-level performance at all costs. The argument is that markets can be a resource for unions, even in low-skilled service sectors, but only under inclusive institutions.
Author(s):
Irene Padavic, Robin J. Ely, Erin M. Reid
Administrative Science Quarterly
It is widely accepted that the conflict between women’s family obligations and professional jobs’ long hours lies at the heart of their stalled advancement. Yet research suggests that this “work–family narrative” is incomplete: men also experience it and nevertheless advance; moreover, organizations’ effort to mitigate it through flexible work policies has not improved women’s advancement prospects and often hurts them. Hence this presumed remedy has the perverse effect of perpetuating the problem. Drawing on a case study of a professional service firm, we develop a multilevel theory to explain why organizations are caught in this conundrum. We present data suggesting that the work–family explanation has become a “hegemonic narrative”—a pervasive, status-quo-preserving story that prevails despite countervailing evidence. We then advance systems-psychodynamic theory to show how organizations use this narrative and attendant policies and practices as an unconscious “social defense” to help employees fend off anxieties raised by a 24/7 work culture and to protect organizationally powerful groups—in our case, men and the firm’s leaders—and in so doing, sustain workplace inequality. Due to the social defense, two orthodoxies remain unchallenged—the necessity of long work hours and the inescapability of women’s stalled advancement. The result is that women’s thin representation at senior levels remains in place. We conclude by highlighting contributions to work–family, workplace inequality, and systems-psychodynamic theory.
Author(s):
Peter M. Smith, Caroline Cawley, Allison Williams, Cameron Mustard
The Journals of Gerontology: Series B
Objectives
Using representative samples of the Canadian labor market (N = 5,871,850), this study examined male/female differences in the impact of informal care on labor market attachment, and the extent to which differences in labor market participation and employment relationships explained these differences over a 19-year period.
Methods
We examined four outcomes related to labor market impacts associated with caring for elderly relatives: leaving the labor market, working part-time, taking time off work in the previous week, and the amount of time taken off from work. Regression models examined differences between men and women, and the extent to which gendered labor market roles accounted for these differences.
Results
We observed an increase in all labor market outcomes over the study period. Women were more likely than men to experience each outcome. Adjusting for labor market role variables did not change these estimates appreciably. After adjustment for differences in labor market roles women were 73% more likely to leave the labor market, more than 5 times more likely to work part-time, and twice as likely to take time off in the last week due to informal care. Further, for temporary absences to provide care, women took an average of 160 min more per week than men.
Discussion
Taken together, these results suggest an increasing impact of informal care on labor market participation in Canada between 1997 and 2005, and it remains gendered.
Using representative samples of the Canadian labor market (N = 5,871,850), this study examined male/female differences in the impact of informal care on labor market attachment, and the extent to which differences in labor market participation and employment relationships explained these differences over a 19-year period.
Methods
We examined four outcomes related to labor market impacts associated with caring for elderly relatives: leaving the labor market, working part-time, taking time off work in the previous week, and the amount of time taken off from work. Regression models examined differences between men and women, and the extent to which gendered labor market roles accounted for these differences.
Results
We observed an increase in all labor market outcomes over the study period. Women were more likely than men to experience each outcome. Adjusting for labor market role variables did not change these estimates appreciably. After adjustment for differences in labor market roles women were 73% more likely to leave the labor market, more than 5 times more likely to work part-time, and twice as likely to take time off in the last week due to informal care. Further, for temporary absences to provide care, women took an average of 160 min more per week than men.
Discussion
Taken together, these results suggest an increasing impact of informal care on labor market participation in Canada between 1997 and 2005, and it remains gendered.
Author(s):
Monica Perski, Robert Wilton, Josh Evans
Health & Place
This article critically examines the role of employment training programs in the personal recovery of adults living with mental illness in community settings. Using Cameron Duff’s (2014) notion of ‘assemblages of recovery,’ we explore how, and to what extent, employment training programs provide the supportive resources linked to personal recovery. Using an ethnographic case study, we describe the ambivalent atmospheres associated with one program. This ambivalence expresses the fundamental tension between the genuine aspirations of personal recovery and the realities of the capitalist labor process.
Author(s):
Joel Blit, Mikal Skuterud, Michael R. Veall
International Productivity Monitor
The official measure of Canadian labour productivity rose by about 15 per cent (not annualized) during the first two quarters of 2020, reflecting a decline in total hours worked that exceeded an exceptional decline in output. We analyze this short-run change using monthly data disaggregated to 87 industries, focusing for analytical reasons on changes from April 2018 to April 2020 and August 2018 to August 2020. Just over one-fifth of the April labour productivity increase, and just under three-fifths of the smaller August increase, can be associated with the changing hours composition across industries. Estimated indices for the feasibility of working from home, the degree of worker health (COVID) risk, and the extent workers in the industry are customer-facing are not associated with the short-run changes in labour productivity by industry. However, there is clear evidence that industries with high work from home index values tended to have smaller reductions in output and hours.
Author(s):
Waad K. Ali, K. Bruce Newbold, Suzanne E. Mills
Canadian Journal of Regional Science
Using Statistics Canada’s 2011-2016 Labor Force Surveys, this paper examines the spatial dimensions of precarious forms of employment (PFE) in Canada. We first compare different PFEs across a range of geographies including national, provincial, census metropolitan areas and urban/rural areas. The results show that different PFEs exhibited distinct spatial patterns across space and scale. Second, using logistic regression models, results show that patterns in PFEs were reinforced by factors such as immigration status, gender, age, education, and income. These models further confirm that spatial variations in PFEs were robust even when controlling for socio-demographic and socio-economic effects. Taken together, these marked spatial patterns advances our understanding of the spatial divisions of precariousness in Canada.
Author(s):
Sean O’Brady
European Journal of Industrial Relations
This article analyses the expansion of precarious work in industrialized economies, integrating the welfare regime, risk shift and segmentation literatures. I examine trends in wages, working hours, pensions and healthcare in food retail in Canada, Germany, Sweden and the USA between 1980 and 2016. Precariousness increased in each country, but the form and degree of change differed markedly, reflecting the effects of product market competition, bargaining centralization and labour regulation.
Author(s):
Kiera Brant-Birioukov, Nicholas Ng-A-Fook, Kristina R. Llewellyn
Oral History, Education, and Justice: Possibilities and Limitations for Redress and Reconciliation
For educators teaching in an era of apology, Canadian teachers must be both knowledgeable about the historical injustices that have transpired and pedagogically responsive to the day-to-day realities that may obfuscate bringing such conversations into the classroom. For Canadian educators, more teachers are responding to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission’s call to incorporate the histories of Indian residential schooling in K-12 classrooms, which, however necessary, requires attention to the ethical implications that surround such a responsibility. In this chapter, we consider how educators may listen to the lived experiences of others—particularly survivors of Indian residential schooling—through a pedagogy that attends to an ethics of listening. We begin by contextualizing the history of how Indian residential schooling came to be in Canada and frame the significance of truth-telling and oral histories in relation to our work in teacher education at the University of Ottawa. An overview of the Legacy of Hope’s website, Where Are the Children?, is also provided to guide educators to the educative possibilities of using the oral histories from survivors, available online, in their own classrooms. We frame this conversation in light of a turn towards the pedagogical possibilities of emotion—a pedagogy of emotion—wherein the emotional consequence of learning about historical injustices can be purposeful and mobilizing. We suggest that when using oral histories from residential school survivors, the intent should be less about studying and reconciling a past, and more about ethically engaging with counter-narratives to implicate oneself in relationship with the story, storyteller, and personal lived experience. The possibilities of such listening as ceremony, as we suggest, may in turn be helpful for educators to subtly but impactfully shift their thinking from the victimization of Indigenous experiences in Canada towards the resilience of Indigenous nationhood in relationship with ethically implicated citizens who bear a responsibility for a collective future.
Author(s):
Mary A. Wells, Kim S. Jones, Valerie J. Davidson
International Journal of Gender, Science and Technology
The Ontario Network of Women in Engineering (ONWiE) was formed in 2005 and is a partnership of the 16 Schools and Faculties of Engineering and Applied Science in Ontario–a group that accounts for almost half (44%) of undergraduate engineering students in Canada. The mandate of the network is to advance gender diversity in the engineering profession by encouraging the next generation of women to study and pursue careers in engineering. By sharing resources and effective outreach practices among members, the collective impact of ONWiE has been significant. Since its formation, ONWiE programs have influenced young women, their parents, and community leaders, thus far engaging with over 28,000 participants. Both qualitative and quantitative indicators confirm ONWiE’s efficacy in dispelling stereotypical ideas regarding who can be an engineer, what engineers do, and the globally important role they play. Since 2005, the number of female students applying for engineering programs in Ontario has tripled. This case study highlights key successes, not only in terms of immediate feedback from participants in ONWiE programs, but also its longer-term impacts on gender diversity within undergraduate engineering programs. We also reflect on the lessons we have learned–not least, the factors that have contributed to the success of the collaboration–and the value of linking outreach programs to social science research.&
Author(s):
Paul Glavin, Tomislav Filipovic, Mark van der Maas
Sociological Forum
We investigate the wage work and family determinants of self-employment entry using a panel study of Canadian workers (Canadian Work Stress and Health Study). Rather than treating the self-employed as a homogenous group—a characterization that conflates entrepreneurial ventures with lower quality and more precarious self-employment—we disaggregate self-employment entrants by occupational class. Descriptive analyses show that the nonprofessional self-employed—the most common form of self-employment observed in the study—are considerably more likely to report low income (<$25,000) and insufficient work hours compared to wage workers and the professional self-employed. Event history analyses based on a multinomial logistic model also reveal that poor wage-work quality—including low income, job insecurity, and unchallenging work—increases the likelihood of a transition from wage work into nonprofessional self-employment. In contrast, job autonomy and human capital predict an increased likelihood of a transition into professional self-employment. Our results suggest that both classic entrepreneurial and forced motivations explain self-employment entry when the self-employed's occupational class is distinguished; however, findings are mixed regarding the salience of work-family factors in predicting self-employment entry. We discuss the value of using a “good jobs, bad jobs” perspective to disaggregate the pathways from wage work into lower versus higher quality self-employment.
Author(s):
Deirdre McCann, Judy Fudge
Journal of Law and Society
Upgrading low-waged and insecure work is central to contemporary labour and development initiatives, from the UN Sustainable Development Goals to the United Kingdom ‘Taylor Review’. The International Labour Organization’s notion of unacceptable forms of work (UFW) is a crucial contribution. Yet the regulatory frameworks that can effectively address UFW are unclear. This article builds on a novel framework – the Multidimensional Model of UFW. Drawing on theoretical literatures at the frontline of regulation scholarship, it proposes a strategic approach to UFW regulation that supports development, acknowledges the constrained resources of low-income countries, and targets expansive and sustainable effects. Two key concepts are identified: points of leverage and institutional dynamism. Globally-prominent regulatory frameworks are assessed as a starting point for mapping the strategic approach: the Mathadi Act of Maharashtra, India; Uruguayan domestic work legislation; minimum wages in the global North and South; and United Kingdom regulation of ‘zero-hours contracts’.
Author(s):
Suzanne Mills
Environment and planning A: Economy and Space
This paper explores the spatial politics of racism and inter-worker competition through a case study of Indigenous employment during the construction of the Voisey’s Bay mine in northern Labrador. Over the course of construction, the building and construction trades unions (BCTUs) sought to restrict the hiring of local Inuit and Innu workers by challenging the legitimacy of place-based entitlements to work. Inuit and Innu workers had preferential access to employment as a result of unresolved land claims and the ensuing Impact and Benefit Agreements (IBA) between the Voisey’s Bay Nickel Company and both the Innu Nation and the Labrador Inuit Association. IBA provisions that local Inuit and Innu be hired preferentially ran counter to the unions’ organizational structures and cultures, which privileged worker mobility and skill. The BCTUs used the geographic incompatibility between the scale of Indigenous claims and that of construction worker organization to justify a competitive approach to unionism and to veil racist portrayals of Innu and Inuit workers. By drawing out the relation between skill, racism and beliefs about entitlements to work, this paper explores how workers selectively use place-based and mobile identities to participate in inter-worker competition, reifying colonial patterns of labour mobility and labour market segmentation.
Author(s):
Judy Fudge
Global Labour Journal
Disputes over the meaning of human trafficking, forced labour and modern slavery have both provoked and coincided with a reinvigorated debate in academic and policy literatures about how to conceptualise unfree labour. This article traces the contours of the debate over free and unfree labour, identifying its key stakes as the debate has developed and paying particular attention to recent interventions. It begins by identifying a problem common to both canonical liberal and Marxian approaches to the free/unfree labour distinction, which is to fetishise the labour market. It then discusses the consensus that is emerging across disciplines and in leading international organisations that labour unfreedom in contemporary capitalism is best conceptualised as a continuum rather than a binary, highlighting recent disciplinary-specific contributions. It argues that the metaphor of a continuum of labour unfreedom obscures more than it illuminates. Drawing upon the growing body of literature that advocates a multifaceted approach to labour unfreedom, this article argues that a robust concept of local labour control regime does a much better job of capturing the complex mix of consent and coercion involved in extracting value from labour power than the idea of a continuum of labour unfreedom.
Author(s):
Christina Baade
Popular Music and the Politics of Hope: Queer and Feminist Interventions
This chapter examines aging, retirement, and legacy in the career of Dame Vera Lynn, the centenarian British singer. It explores how she has been represented since the 1970s through a temporal double exposure: as Dame Vera, an aging performer and public figure, and as Vera Lynn, the eternally youthful World War II Forces Sweetheart. Drawing on Elizabeth Freeman’s concept of chrononormativity, it examines how Lynn deployed discourses of retirement throughout her postwar career to assert creative and personal agency. It concludes by considering how cultural memory of the war has shaped her post-retirement legacy, rendering her a British “national treasure.”
Author(s):
Marisa Young
Family Relations
Objective: To examine the gendered impact of community on work–family conflict (WFC) and whether respondents with young children benefit more from community resources compared with other residents.
Background: Studies suggest that the gender gap in WFC is decreasing. Most attribute this trend to individual-level antecedents of work and family. However, these explanations do not take into account important community-level components—specifically, men’s and women’s differential access to and use of community resources.
Method: Individual-level data from 1,702 Canadians matched to census-level data from the Canadian census were used, and hierarchical linear modeling techniques were employed.
Results: Key findings were that women and parents with young children experience more conflict in less resourced communities, and collective efficacy affected men’s and women’s reports of WFC, but in opposite, nonlinear ways: At higher levels of collective efficacy, women reported heightened conflict. For men, this pressure was only felt when efficacy levels were high.
Conclusion: There are important gender distinctions in reported WFC depending on one’s community resources. In some circumstances, these resources are more beneficial for women than men and matter differently for parents with young children compared with those without young children.
Implications: These findings help inform community and policy-based initiatives aimed at reducing residents’ experiences of WFC, underscoring the utility of promoting efficacious communities.
Background: Studies suggest that the gender gap in WFC is decreasing. Most attribute this trend to individual-level antecedents of work and family. However, these explanations do not take into account important community-level components—specifically, men’s and women’s differential access to and use of community resources.
Method: Individual-level data from 1,702 Canadians matched to census-level data from the Canadian census were used, and hierarchical linear modeling techniques were employed.
Results: Key findings were that women and parents with young children experience more conflict in less resourced communities, and collective efficacy affected men’s and women’s reports of WFC, but in opposite, nonlinear ways: At higher levels of collective efficacy, women reported heightened conflict. For men, this pressure was only felt when efficacy levels were high.
Conclusion: There are important gender distinctions in reported WFC depending on one’s community resources. In some circumstances, these resources are more beneficial for women than men and matter differently for parents with young children compared with those without young children.
Implications: These findings help inform community and policy-based initiatives aimed at reducing residents’ experiences of WFC, underscoring the utility of promoting efficacious communities.
Author(s):
Andrea Baumann, Mary Crea‐Arsenio, Mabel Hunsberger, Bonnie Fleming‐Carroll, Margaret Keatings
Journal of Advanced Nursing
Aim: To determine how extended orientation enhances the work readiness of new graduate nurses as they transitioned to their professional role in a specialty care hospital.
Background: Given increased complexity of care and high-patient acuity, there is concern about the work readiness of new graduate nurses in specialty areas.
Design: Qualitative exploratory study using an inductive approach.
Methods: An integrative literature review was conducted to abstract characteristics of work readiness among new graduate nurses. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 41 participants from a large paediatric specialty hospital in Ontario, Canada, in 2014. The sample of nurses was stratified and included nurse managers, new graduates, and preceptors. Interview texts were interpreted using thematic analysis.
Results: A framework for enhancing work readiness of new graduates transitioning to specialty care was developed from the interview and literature findings. Interview data demonstrate an extended orientation that includes mentorship, a gradual increase in clinical responsibilities, and involvement in the professional role during the early stages of a nurse’s career can enhance work readiness of new graduates. Four key areas of work readiness were identified in the literature: personal characteristics, clinical characteristics, relational characteristics, and organizational acuity.
Conclusion: Based on the study results, new graduate nurses can be an integral part of the team in specialty care provided certain conditions are met during their transition to practice. Our study gives further evidence that extended orientation enhances new graduates’ work readiness as they transit to their professional role.
Background: Given increased complexity of care and high-patient acuity, there is concern about the work readiness of new graduate nurses in specialty areas.
Design: Qualitative exploratory study using an inductive approach.
Methods: An integrative literature review was conducted to abstract characteristics of work readiness among new graduate nurses. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 41 participants from a large paediatric specialty hospital in Ontario, Canada, in 2014. The sample of nurses was stratified and included nurse managers, new graduates, and preceptors. Interview texts were interpreted using thematic analysis.
Results: A framework for enhancing work readiness of new graduates transitioning to specialty care was developed from the interview and literature findings. Interview data demonstrate an extended orientation that includes mentorship, a gradual increase in clinical responsibilities, and involvement in the professional role during the early stages of a nurse’s career can enhance work readiness of new graduates. Four key areas of work readiness were identified in the literature: personal characteristics, clinical characteristics, relational characteristics, and organizational acuity.
Conclusion: Based on the study results, new graduate nurses can be an integral part of the team in specialty care provided certain conditions are met during their transition to practice. Our study gives further evidence that extended orientation enhances new graduates’ work readiness as they transit to their professional role.
Author(s):
Joo-Cheong Tham, Judy Fudge
International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations
Why do employers in specific sectors use migrant workers to a significant extent? Taking temporary migrant work in the Australian food services sector as a case study, this article argues that employer demand for migrant workers is shaped by two forms of social regulation: the immigration controls that create a supply of different kinds of migrant workers, and the labour market norms and institutions that operate within a specific industrial sector. Specifically, the article argues that the cost-minimization strategy of the Australian food services sector in conjunction with its precarious work norms result in ‘demand’ on the part of employers in the sector for vulnerable workers to perform precarious jobs. Such ‘demand’ is met in part by the workers supplied through temporary labour migration programs who may be an attractive form of precarious labour because of the conditionalities they experience. The normalization of noncompliance with labour laws by food services employers, that stems from the broader culture of illegality in the sector, further heightens the vulnerability (and attractiveness) of temporary migrant labour, allowing employers to ‘demand’ illegal working conditions.
Author(s):
Abel Chikanda
Migration Studies
Zimbabwe is rarely considered an important source country of forced migrants. Using data from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), this paper shows that Zimbabwe has emerged as one of the leading sources of forced migrants in the post-2000 era. On the other hand, declining economic conditions have led to a large number of people leaving the country thereby generating mixed migration flows. Some economic migrants from Zimbabwe have resorted to applying for asylum in the destination country as a strategy to prolong their stay and avoid deportation to Zimbabwe. As a result, it has become extremely difficult for the asylum and refugee boards to distinguish between forced and economic migrants. The paper raises questions on the effect of geography on the determination of claims of asylum filed by Zimbabweans globally. Closer to home, individuals who file asylum claims have had a lower rate of success compared with those who submit their asylum claims overseas. The paper concludes there is a need to untangle the effect of geography on refugee status determination. There is also a need to ensure that similar measures are applied in the refugee determination process so that geography does not play a significant role in the outcome of asylum applications.
Author(s):
Brenda Vrkljan, Ariane Montpetit, Gary Naglie, Mark Rapoport, Barbara Mazer
International Psychogeriatrics
Background:
Major life transitions can negatively impact the emotional well-being of older people. This study examined the effectiveness of interventions that target the three most common transitions in later life, namely bereavement, retirement, and relocation.
Methods: A systematic search was performed via MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, and reference lists of retrieved non-randomized and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in English that studied the effectiveness of interventions addressing the three transitions in those >50 years of age. Two researchers independently selected the publications, piloted the data extraction form, and critically appraised studies specific to transition type and study design.
Results: A total of 11 studies (bereavement: 7; retirement: 2; relocation: 2) of 8 unique interventions met the inclusion criteria of which nine were RCTs and two were of quasi-experimental designs were reviewed. Six studies were group-based interventions, three studies used individualized sessions, and one intervention used a combination of group and individualized programming. Group size varied (20–32 participants), as did qualifications of those administering the interventions. The methodological quality of included studies was weak. Findings suggest that group-based approaches provided by trained personnel can mitigate the negative health-related consequences associated with major transitions in later life.
Conclusion: Evidence concerning interventions that address mental health challenges associated with these major transitions is limited. Future research should better characterize participants at study outset and use validated measures to capture effectiveness. Use of peer mentorship to navigate such transitions is promising, but given the small number of studies and their methodological weaknesses, further research on effectiveness is warranted.
Methods: A systematic search was performed via MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, and reference lists of retrieved non-randomized and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in English that studied the effectiveness of interventions addressing the three transitions in those >50 years of age. Two researchers independently selected the publications, piloted the data extraction form, and critically appraised studies specific to transition type and study design.
Results: A total of 11 studies (bereavement: 7; retirement: 2; relocation: 2) of 8 unique interventions met the inclusion criteria of which nine were RCTs and two were of quasi-experimental designs were reviewed. Six studies were group-based interventions, three studies used individualized sessions, and one intervention used a combination of group and individualized programming. Group size varied (20–32 participants), as did qualifications of those administering the interventions. The methodological quality of included studies was weak. Findings suggest that group-based approaches provided by trained personnel can mitigate the negative health-related consequences associated with major transitions in later life.
Conclusion: Evidence concerning interventions that address mental health challenges associated with these major transitions is limited. Future research should better characterize participants at study outset and use validated measures to capture effectiveness. Use of peer mentorship to navigate such transitions is promising, but given the small number of studies and their methodological weaknesses, further research on effectiveness is warranted.
Author(s):
Margaret Walton-Roberts, Jonathan Crush, Abel Chikanda
Handbook on Critical Geographies of Migration
Diasporas are increasingly viewed as key development resources by sending and receiving states as well as international organizations such as the World Bank, the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and the Global Forum on Migration and Development. In many cases, financial remittances from migrant diasporas have surpassed official development aid and other forms of investment entering the Global South. Many migrant origin nations have turned to their diaspora communities in order to boost national development agendas. This chapter offers three critical research directions regarding the socio-spatial dimensions of diaspora engagement using policy, place and people as broad framings. In terms of policy, the authors caution against the policy orthodoxy employed by states examining their diaspora’s role in development. In terms of place, they draw attention to how diasporas are viewed as homogeneous extensions of the homeland, and when sensitivity to regional and other differences is embraced, it often becomes the basis for the material and discursive securitization of diaspora groups. Turning to people, the authors examine for whom the diaspora-development agenda is working, and reference the tendency for remittances to concentrate wealth in certain regions and for certain groups, with the potential to further embed forms of economic and spatial inequality. Building on these critical research framings the authors offer four cross-cutting issues that they argue are increasingly important to the analysis of diasporic formation, organization and influence: diasporas and the new economy; diasporas and information and communication technology; identity, gender and intersectionality; and lastly marginalization.
Author(s):
Geraldina Polanco
International Migration
Drawing from comparative, international field research examining fast food labour migration from the Philippines and Mexico to western Canada, I contrast the Mexican and Filipino migration apparatuses and the corresponding branding of their citizenry. I show that the Philippines, through its migration apparatus, brands the Philippines as a source of “exceptional” labour, in part by deploying college graduates and those with professional work experience to work in entry-level occupations. In turn, they outpace other labour-sending states – like Mexico – who are branded in less desirable terms for interactive occupations. The policy decision to deskill (or not) and to produce (or fail to produce) educated and “exceptional” mobile subjects operates either as a conveyer belt or a migratory wall for distinct states in their ability to send more workers overseas. This has broader implications for global race relations and the branding effects that underlie Temporary Migrant Worker Programs.
Author(s):
Christina Baade
Popular Music and Society
This article examines how Beyoncé as an artist has engaged with black feminist concepts of motherhood and what Camille Wilson Cooper calls “motherwork.” How does Beyoncé’s work complicate the binary frames of celebrity motherhood and pathologized black motherhood? How does she claim an agential voice that rejects splitting the roles of artist and mother? I explore these questions by examining the song and video for “Blue” (2013) as part of the genre of confessional motherhood songs and in the context of the BEYONCÉ album, as well as through a brief discussion of Beyoncé’s performance at the 2017 Grammys.